1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,080 Most people don't want to spending time in a hospital, 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:07,080 of course you will say, but perhaps you don't study medicine like me and you don't have a doctor 3 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:11,020 retired as an uncle. He knows everyone and decided to help me choose the 4 00:00:11,020 --> 00:00:15,060 specialization. It's not a pill morphine. It doesn't let everyone through 5 00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:18,100 suckers from the greatest show on television doctor of the history of surgery and 6 00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:21,420 advanced research, although practice my uncle's hospital is definitely 7 00:00:21,420 --> 00:00:22,420 experimental. 8 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:26,000 Robert is charming, come down again more. 9 00:00:26,340 --> 00:00:28,960 It's really too late to sign up for jurisprudence? 10 00:00:39,569 --> 00:00:43,070 An opneomologist is a kind of mechanic of the lungs. 11 00:00:43,930 --> 00:00:47,910 We use specific instruments, probes, needles, with which we aspirate fluid from 12 00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:51,550 lungs. It's interesting because it's possible see physiology in action. 13 00:00:52,150 --> 00:00:56,870 As soon as he goes back to sleep he snores every breath. And when he manages to cure 14 00:00:56,870 --> 00:01:01,310 patients you know they're going to feel like they hadn't heard from each other for years. A beautiful one 15 00:01:01,310 --> 00:01:02,310 breath of fresh air. 16 00:01:02,910 --> 00:01:05,269 This is an episode to take away the breath. 17 00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:10,660 We talk about pneumology, the study of lungs and respiratory system. The 18 00:01:10,660 --> 00:01:12,800 it's an engine and we need to create energy. 19 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:16,100 Oxygen is fuel and from combustion generates energy. 20 00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:20,320 The lungs are the implant of air intake into the engine e 21 00:01:20,320 --> 00:01:24,420 exhaust system, because toxic gases created by the combustion process 22 00:01:24,420 --> 00:01:28,240 the inside of the cells reach the lungs that expel them. 23 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:33,240 The ailments that affect everyone other part of the body also involve 24 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:37,370 lungs. We are dealing with a vast spectrum of clinical conditions. Not 25 00:01:37,370 --> 00:01:38,370 I breathe well. 26 00:01:38,570 --> 00:01:40,150 Coughing causes pain. 27 00:01:42,230 --> 00:01:45,430 There, I heard. The panting and the short stay. 28 00:01:45,690 --> 00:01:48,210 It's like a cold that doesn't want it leave. 29 00:01:49,350 --> 00:01:54,750 The most frequent ailments we can encounter are emphysema, asthma. 30 00:01:54,750 --> 00:01:55,548 do you feel it? 31 00:01:55,550 --> 00:01:57,230 Then there's lung cancer. 32 00:01:57,910 --> 00:02:01,930 Or diseases such as fibrosicystics. Breathe and mouth open, please. 33 00:02:02,330 --> 00:02:06,310 There are infectious diseases that affect the lungs, pneumonia, i 34 00:02:06,310 --> 00:02:09,389 tuberculosis. And each one tries to take you away the breath. 35 00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:14,770 Every time we breathe, the air from trachea reaches the bronchi. 36 00:02:15,490 --> 00:02:18,510 Then the terminal parts of the bronchi, i bronchioles. 37 00:02:18,950 --> 00:02:23,030 And finally the ends, the alveoli, where air exchange takes place. 38 00:02:25,230 --> 00:02:29,250 The characteristic of the alveoli is be organs totally covered with 39 00:02:29,250 --> 00:02:33,050 blood. Through the alveoli l oxygen enters the blood. 40 00:02:33,310 --> 00:02:37,570 Once captured by the hemoglobin of red blood cells, releases oxide 41 00:02:37,570 --> 00:02:41,170 carbon, waste gas, which comes eliminated by respiration. 42 00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:46,630 If we took the alveoli contained in inside the chest and opened them 43 00:02:46,630 --> 00:02:50,570 completely, placing them close together they would cover a very large area. 44 00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:52,350 How large is this area? 45 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:56,720 Well, if we flattened the alveoli and we would arrange them next to each other, 46 00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:58,880 they would cover an entire tennis court. 47 00:03:04,660 --> 00:03:09,400 Inhale through your nose, counting slowly up to three and then hold. 48 00:03:09,700 --> 00:03:12,400 One, two... 49 00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:17,700 I can't hold my breath like you do it. I'm not good at this 50 00:03:17,700 --> 00:03:19,640 exercise. You are the one who asked to see me? 51 00:03:20,060 --> 00:03:23,980 Hello, doctor. My nephew, you see, has some breathing problems. 52 00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,540 Really? Well, it's in the right place. Come, let's take a look right away. 53 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:31,580 He thinks I'm having trouble respiratory. Let him believe so, 54 00:03:31,640 --> 00:03:32,720 In the meantime, practice. 55 00:03:34,140 --> 00:03:38,540 Doctors love taking tests and taking pictures. It doesn't surprise me that the 56 00:03:38,540 --> 00:03:39,660 pulmonologists are like this. 57 00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:42,180 Now take a deep breath and... hold back. 58 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:47,860 You exhale, a collapsed lung can be highlighted by X-rays. There is a 59 00:03:47,860 --> 00:03:51,540 cavities between the lung sacs which allows the lungs to stay 60 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:54,820 lay down. If damaged, you can too die from suffocation. 61 00:03:55,020 --> 00:03:58,660 On the surface of each lung a there is contact with the inside of the ribs 62 00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:04,220 pleura. And these two pleurae are found in opposite positions to each other. A 63 00:04:04,220 --> 00:04:07,780 consequence of this, a pressure negative is generated between these 64 00:04:07,780 --> 00:04:12,480 membranes. which literally sucks them in sacs by attaching them to the ribs. 65 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:17,060 Translated from medicase, the pleurae, membranes perfectly stretched in directions 66 00:04:17,060 --> 00:04:21,680 opposite, they form a void called cavity pleural, which maintains the lungs 67 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:22,680 to the ribs. 68 00:04:23,280 --> 00:04:27,560 As long as he resists the pressure negative, which is constant and exercised 69 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:31,840 entire area, the lungs adhere to the rib cage. But a wound or the 70 00:04:31,840 --> 00:04:35,820 fracture of a rib that causes damage the lung can also cause injury 71 00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:37,120 a loss of pressure. 72 00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:38,850 It's called a pneumothorax. 73 00:04:39,330 --> 00:04:43,450 There is no longer the physical prerequisite thanks to which the lung adheres to the 74 00:04:43,450 --> 00:04:47,670 rib cage. This little sphere what you see is what remains of the lung 75 00:04:47,670 --> 00:04:52,510 once collapsed due to quantity of air that has accumulated around 76 00:04:52,510 --> 00:04:53,510 it. 77 00:04:53,550 --> 00:04:57,630 Through a tube in the chest yes sucks in the air restoring the 78 00:04:57,630 --> 00:04:58,630 pleural. 79 00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:00,010 Let's inflate the lung. 80 00:05:00,380 --> 00:05:04,100 generating negative pressure immediately outside, thanks to the 81 00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:08,560 lung remains open, as do the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. In the 82 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:13,080 before color TV, doctors their lungs collapsed on purpose. It was 83 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:16,800 attempt to cure tuberculosis, depriving the bacteria of living space. 84 00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:21,100 And until antibiotics arrived, the tuberculosis meant death. 85 00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:25,830 TB remains one of the main ones deadly infections worldwide, a 86 00:05:25,830 --> 00:05:29,730 despite the fact that you cure yourself with ease and that the therapy has a cost 87 00:05:29,730 --> 00:05:34,270 only 10 dollars. Soon, a lot of instruments for lung analysis, among 88 00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:36,830 which this, this and also this. 89 00:05:42,590 --> 00:05:46,230 Until 5 minutes before my uncle told the doctor I was having problems 90 00:05:46,230 --> 00:05:48,250 respirators, I was breathing very well. 91 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:50,860 trying to reach my peace interior. 92 00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:55,840 Doctors were also interested in my interiority, in the true sense of 93 00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:58,260 word, they were interested in mine bronchioles. 94 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,120 If you have symptoms and are unable to locate a problem with x-rays, 95 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:04,380 touches bronchoscopy. 96 00:06:05,060 --> 00:06:09,100 We use the flexible bronchoscope to evaluate the airway 97 00:06:09,100 --> 00:06:13,680 of the patient and to do so we insert into the nose this tube equipped with 98 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:14,680 and light. 99 00:06:14,810 --> 00:06:19,230 By doing so we can study the trachea, the largest airway that 100 00:06:19,510 --> 00:06:24,170 It is a tool through which inject pharmacological liquids, be they 101 00:06:24,170 --> 00:06:25,950 freezing or antihaemorrhagic. 102 00:06:27,770 --> 00:06:31,350 Let's check the direction of the bronchoscope through a small lever 103 00:06:31,350 --> 00:06:32,870 move it back and forth. 104 00:06:33,150 --> 00:06:36,650 And to move it sideways just do like this. 105 00:06:37,990 --> 00:06:42,510 This little rubber thing does everything there respiratory system up to the bronchi. 106 00:06:42,890 --> 00:06:44,650 and can take tissue samples. 107 00:06:44,930 --> 00:06:49,070 There is a small forceps mounted on a rather long cable contained inside 108 00:06:49,070 --> 00:06:53,010 inside the probe and at the end c It is an attachment mouth tweezers 109 00:06:53,010 --> 00:06:54,650 that opens and closes. 110 00:06:54,850 --> 00:06:57,890 The tweezers grab a sample of fabric and removes it. 111 00:06:58,210 --> 00:07:02,450 By examining it you can diagnose it tumors or lung infections. But how yes 112 00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:04,170 he says, exams never end. 113 00:07:04,550 --> 00:07:09,250 The pulmonary function laboratory It looks like a gym, except 114 00:07:09,250 --> 00:07:11,470 instructors wear suits instead gowns. 115 00:07:12,940 --> 00:07:17,420 In this laboratory we try to determine the breathing capacity of the 116 00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:19,440 patient in different ways. 117 00:07:20,100 --> 00:07:23,400 It looks a bit like a car time, but it's called Body Box. 118 00:07:23,660 --> 00:07:27,740 Doctors test your ability pulmonary by making you act like a puppy. 119 00:07:28,580 --> 00:07:33,600 Having inserted the mouthpiece and stapled the nose, start anti-sea. The is established 120 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:37,760 amount of air stored by chest movement. Now let's get started. 121 00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:42,540 Antimating the chest and lungs make gods small movements. 122 00:07:42,910 --> 00:07:45,810 And thanks to these movements it compresses the air in the box. 123 00:07:46,390 --> 00:07:50,430 By measuring the change in pressure inside the box, we can 124 00:07:50,430 --> 00:07:53,830 the total volume of air contained in lungs at that time. 125 00:07:54,190 --> 00:07:59,370 And now look here, the spirometer. Bleed the air out. He doesn't study it 126 00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:03,630 inhalation, but exhalation. How much exhale and how quickly. 127 00:08:04,770 --> 00:08:07,130 It's a kind of breathing Olympics. 128 00:08:07,470 --> 00:08:10,490 Take a deep breath. With the doctor as coach. And throw it out. 129 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,080 Do you keep throwing out the air? This type of measurements are often 130 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:18,840 carried out on patients hospitalized at emergency room and we have a colleague 131 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:22,940 who works in the emergency room with a truly authoritative voice. It makes itself understood 132 00:08:22,940 --> 00:08:27,080 His patients really do well to that extent that if you are doing a spirometry ad 133 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:31,500 a patient complete with an instrument for breathing, at least another 5 or 6 yes 134 00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:35,419 they fill the lungs and empty them a command, even if I'm in the hospital for 135 00:08:35,419 --> 00:08:36,419 types of problems. 136 00:08:40,390 --> 00:08:43,929 So Robert, blow into the mouthpiece and don't stop until I tell you. 137 00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:49,190 Doctor, this is really interesting machinery, a lot has changed 138 00:08:49,190 --> 00:08:50,190 my times. 139 00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:54,710 Let me think, if my memory fails me deceives, we inhale 4 liters... 140 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:56,160 No, not 4, 6. 141 00:08:56,620 --> 00:08:59,140 More or less 6 liters of air every minute. 142 00:08:59,480 --> 00:09:00,480 Yes, exactly. 143 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:05,740 Incredible, incredible the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs. Ah, 144 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:06,920 it's refreshing. 145 00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:09,720 Isn't that refreshing, Robert? 146 00:09:12,780 --> 00:09:18,160 In the first second of forced exhalation up to 80% of the air can escape. 147 00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:22,160 But this will not be possible if you suffer of obstructive diseases such as asthma. 148 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:26,660 The speed is reduced because the streets they are blocked. An asthmatic hears 149 00:09:26,660 --> 00:09:30,620 difficulty getting air into lungs. This is because it starts to 150 00:09:30,620 --> 00:09:34,880 too strong an inspirational flow and this blocks the next inspiration. 151 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:37,760 the real problem from the beginning is a exhalation problem. 152 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:42,260 Try to imagine if you had to find yourself breathing through a straw, for example 153 00:09:42,260 --> 00:09:46,420 example. You can also learn how to dose the right amount of air to inhale 154 00:09:46,420 --> 00:09:47,940 and exhale, but it is not immediate. 155 00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:52,570 Asthma is a type reaction immune. It is mainly localized 156 00:09:52,570 --> 00:09:55,230 bronchioles, the organs responsible for air transport. 157 00:09:55,470 --> 00:09:59,750 If the airway is good conditions, the mucosal wall is 158 00:10:00,170 --> 00:10:04,430 In an asthmatic patient there is a tension of the muscle wall around 159 00:10:04,430 --> 00:10:08,590 these pathways and inflammation is generated on the walls themselves causing a 160 00:10:08,590 --> 00:10:12,910 narrowing of the channel through which the air passes and here there is an increase 161 00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:15,690 of the secretion. In an asthmatic lung 162 00:10:16,400 --> 00:10:20,480 These small muscles are contracted, therefore there are bottlenecks in the streets 163 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:21,480 aerial. 164 00:10:21,900 --> 00:10:26,020 When asthmatics put l 'inhaler, they breathe in drugs that 165 00:10:26,020 --> 00:10:28,320 they reduce inflammation and dilate the bronchi. 166 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:32,000 A good patient takes his medicine and everything is fine. 167 00:10:32,260 --> 00:10:35,760 If he doesn't take his meds, then problems arise. 168 00:10:36,420 --> 00:10:41,640 The cause of asthma is still a mystery absolute. It may depend on the environment or 169 00:10:41,640 --> 00:10:42,640 it may be genetic. 170 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:48,360 Research nowadays is moving forward on the study of which specific genes 171 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:53,640 lead to a higher risk of asthma, but it is also clear that it is not a question of 172 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:57,880 problems related to a single gene, as in cystic fibrosis, for example. 173 00:10:59,540 --> 00:11:01,900 Cystic fibrosis is serious business. 174 00:11:02,100 --> 00:11:06,120 A lot of mucus forms in the lungs dense, which cannot be freed from 175 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:10,740 normal. Hours of therapy are needed every day, including physiotherapy 176 00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:11,840 just to breathe. 177 00:11:12,300 --> 00:11:15,980 He also does this type of therapy at home or... Yes, I also do it at home, mi 178 00:11:15,980 --> 00:11:17,380 they help my husband and my mother. 179 00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:23,400 They are not generic blows on the back, the hand must generate a particular 180 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:28,020 vibration, so the lungs come help against excess secretions. 181 00:11:28,020 --> 00:11:33,060 a protein called CFTR that picks up chlorine from the cells to form the 182 00:11:33,060 --> 00:11:34,580 salt, sodium chloride. 183 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:39,700 Sodium dilutes mucus into phlegm watery that is easily eliminated 184 00:11:39,700 --> 00:11:40,700 from the airways. 185 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:44,420 In cystic fibrosis patients this protein is defective. 186 00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:48,900 Often the problem is a flaw in the prevents it from working properly. 187 00:11:49,140 --> 00:11:51,140 And if there is no chlorine there is no salt. 188 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:57,880 Result? Mucus does not dilute, it becomes thick and viscous and clogs them 189 00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:01,380 areas which become the ideal place for the bacteria. 190 00:12:02,990 --> 00:12:07,130 The gene encoding CFTR was discovered in 1989. 191 00:12:07,950 --> 00:12:12,170 Scientists are looking for a drug that acts as a mechanic 192 00:12:12,170 --> 00:12:13,830 and fix the flaw in the protein. 193 00:12:14,370 --> 00:12:17,810 Soon, it will never be possible to snore at death? 194 00:12:23,890 --> 00:12:28,770 There are cars that really leave you breathless. To measure capacity 195 00:12:28,770 --> 00:12:30,530 pulmonary I even fainted. 196 00:12:31,310 --> 00:12:35,130 Who hasn't slept badly at least once night? The doctors wanted to see if 197 00:12:35,130 --> 00:12:37,570 breathing and sleeping difficulties are connected. 198 00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:43,770 I have always found it very interesting variation of breathing with changes in 199 00:12:43,770 --> 00:12:47,890 physical conditions. And that has me led to deal with sleep, because 200 00:12:47,890 --> 00:12:52,930 sleep changes the way you breathe. When I get up in the morning, I'm more 201 00:12:52,930 --> 00:12:54,370 when I went to sleep. 202 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:58,260 I fell asleep during a interview, a job interview. 203 00:12:58,260 --> 00:13:01,760 in the car I have to slap myself not to fall asleep? I wake up suddenly 204 00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:06,980 many times. I mean, I think it's because I blush a lot when I sleep. The shape 205 00:13:06,980 --> 00:13:11,700 common respiratory problems that they can hit us while we sleep yes 206 00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:15,240 apnea. Apnea means you stop breathe. 207 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:20,620 There are two types of sleep apnea. The the first happens if the brain does not command 208 00:13:20,620 --> 00:13:21,740 to the muscles to breathe. 209 00:13:22,010 --> 00:13:25,990 And the second, much more common, is caused by obstruction of the trachea. 210 00:13:26,410 --> 00:13:30,510 In obstructive sleep apnea they come relax the muscles that hold it open 211 00:13:30,510 --> 00:13:32,870 the throat and upper airways they collapse. 212 00:13:33,890 --> 00:13:38,950 And the brain receives messages that they say, so? It doesn't reach the lungs 213 00:13:38,950 --> 00:13:40,830 oxygen, air, I can't do it. 214 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:46,180 Wake up! We have a kind of pacemaker located in the plus area 215 00:13:46,180 --> 00:13:50,940 of the brain that reminds us to breathe and detectors similar to those for typhus 216 00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:54,760 which tell us how much oxygen and how much of carbon monoxide is in ours 217 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:55,760 blood. 218 00:13:56,580 --> 00:14:00,940 Too much carbon monoxide is bad. THE The body wants oxygen and wakes up. 219 00:14:01,180 --> 00:14:03,060 Sleeping soundly is impossible. 220 00:14:09,340 --> 00:14:11,460 Wait here, I'll be right back, okay? 221 00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:18,360 Dr. Forge wants to subject you to gods sleep apnea test. What? 222 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:20,500 Leave it, I'll help you, my dear. 223 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:22,140 Sleep apnea? 224 00:14:22,660 --> 00:14:25,640 I have no problem sleeping. See you soon. 225 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:29,740 You're welcome, of course. Good day, bye. 226 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:35,640 Seriously, I have no problems. I sleep anywhere anytime. They are the 227 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,360 of narcolepsy, my boy. It's a serious problem. 228 00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,130 Come, have a seat. A symptom of apnea in sleep and sometimes a consequence of 229 00:14:50,130 --> 00:14:54,910 divorce is snoring. His wife does complaining because he snores? Me when I sleep 230 00:14:54,910 --> 00:14:55,950 a terrible noise. 231 00:14:56,430 --> 00:14:59,270 Even the dog refuses to stay in room with me. 232 00:14:59,990 --> 00:15:04,850 But when it means sleep apnea, i Doctors take this very seriously. 233 00:15:05,450 --> 00:15:09,290 They sent her to this lab because it may be sleep apnea. 234 00:15:09,330 --> 00:15:13,290 You are connected to a computer that monitor your breathing throughout 235 00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:16,190 Do you think he sleeps like this at home? 236 00:15:17,150 --> 00:15:23,230 The most important thing is saturation of oxygen. If you suffer from apnea in 237 00:15:23,230 --> 00:15:25,350 sleep, oxygen necessarily drops. 238 00:15:26,210 --> 00:15:30,310 They monitor dioxide levels carbon with this tool. From this one 239 00:15:30,310 --> 00:15:32,550 part there is a light signal. 240 00:15:32,910 --> 00:15:35,950 And on the other side is a sensor that detects the signal. 241 00:15:36,570 --> 00:15:41,250 Proteins that transport oxygen in the blood they absorb light depending on 242 00:15:41,250 --> 00:15:42,430 how much oxygen they receive. 243 00:15:42,630 --> 00:15:47,950 We can determine how much oxygen it is saturating the hemoglobin molecules 244 00:15:47,950 --> 00:15:54,350 from the output voltage. If we breathe normally 95 -98% of hemoglobin 245 00:15:54,350 --> 00:15:59,050 it is saturated with oxygen. If the apnea is serious, oxygen levels can 246 00:15:59,050 --> 00:16:01,550 descend to the point of suffocation cell phone. 247 00:16:02,190 --> 00:16:05,030 But this is nothing more than the effect of an ongoing disorder. 248 00:16:05,430 --> 00:16:09,810 To get a complete picture, doctors monitor muscle contractions, 249 00:16:09,870 --> 00:16:11,830 the airways and brain activity. 250 00:16:12,070 --> 00:16:17,670 All we need is a few electrodes, two around the eyes and two under the chin, 251 00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:22,130 be able to study the sleep phase individual REM call, REM sleep. 252 00:16:22,730 --> 00:16:27,050 The REM phase of sleep is the most deep, the one in which the organism 253 00:16:27,050 --> 00:16:31,010 the forces. If the brain is stimulated to waking up due to breathing problems, not 254 00:16:31,010 --> 00:16:34,190 you will sleep deeply and wake up tired. Ready? 255 00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:35,650 Yes, I'm ready. 256 00:16:35,890 --> 00:16:37,990 Have a good sleep. Until tomorrow. 257 00:16:39,170 --> 00:16:44,910 Doctors study the data to see if do you suffer from sleep apnea or not. 258 00:16:45,450 --> 00:16:50,250 This is a typical layout of a patient suffering from sleep apnea, 259 00:16:50,250 --> 00:16:53,410 the level of oxygen in the blood which goes up and down, goes up and down. 260 00:16:53,670 --> 00:16:57,290 And this is the flow path respiratory. 261 00:16:57,970 --> 00:17:01,730 Rib cage and abdomen move together and here the flow stops instead 262 00:17:01,730 --> 00:17:03,830 suddenly. Here, this is a 'apnea. 263 00:17:04,530 --> 00:17:08,970 And even in the absence of flow there is a continuous movement of the chest and limb 264 00:17:08,970 --> 00:17:13,089 'abdomen, indicating that the effort breathing is done anyway. 265 00:17:13,930 --> 00:17:16,910 So we are faced with a 'constructive apnea. 266 00:17:17,609 --> 00:17:22,270 Essentially this patient remained for two minutes in apnea without breathing 267 00:17:22,270 --> 00:17:26,650 at all and the oxygen level in the blood has dropped to zero limits. 268 00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:32,170 Soon, the invention that guarantees a those who suffer from apnea get a good night's sleep 269 00:17:32,170 --> 00:17:35,690 calm and that I will be lucky enough to experience personally. 270 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:44,300 Not only lungs, therefore, but also sleep disorders. 271 00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:48,820 As I headed to the lab, I I was wondering how long you can 272 00:17:48,820 --> 00:17:49,940 hold your breath. 273 00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:55,500 For those suffering from apnea, diagnosis and therapy can be simultaneous. 274 00:17:56,380 --> 00:18:00,320 CPAP means positive pressure constant to the airways. 275 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:06,720 Basically we exercise a pressure on the airways, allo 276 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:10,100 keep channels and walls open well separated airways. 277 00:18:10,780 --> 00:18:16,380 It's a kind of inner tube pressure with a pneumatic splint for 278 00:18:16,380 --> 00:18:20,960 clear the airways. The mask forces the airways to open. I 279 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:24,720 patients don't take a nap, they fall into a deep sleep that does not 280 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:29,120 they had been trying for a long time. It's called the effect of return. Who hasn't slept for a long time 281 00:18:29,120 --> 00:18:32,100 in REM phase he finally has the possibility to do it. 282 00:18:33,580 --> 00:18:37,060 Thanks to this machine he went from a hundreds of apneas in an hour 283 00:18:37,060 --> 00:18:38,360 essentially none. 284 00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:43,900 I highly recommend this type of to you long-term therapy. The doctors 285 00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:48,100 they can provide you with a kit for use domestic. It has the same kind of 286 00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:51,960 operation. The airways yes they keep open thanks to the pressure 287 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:56,100 exercised and you will all breathe well the nights of your married life. 288 00:18:56,590 --> 00:19:01,350 I sleep very well now. I wake up full of energy. I'm not tired anymore. 289 00:19:01,350 --> 00:19:05,790 suffered for over ten years. The doctors they worked miracles. Without this 290 00:19:05,790 --> 00:19:11,370 car today I certainly wouldn't be here. E the most important thing of all is that 291 00:19:11,370 --> 00:19:12,370 I don't yawn anymore. 292 00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:18,470 Well, Robert. 293 00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:23,930 Have a good rest. And don't get nervous. You will come monitored by professional gentlemen. 294 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:33,400 Here we go, doctor. Look at yours tracked now. The graph of his 295 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:39,740 The 296 00:19:39,740 --> 00:19:47,320 too much 297 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:52,020 it's too much. But smoking, even in small quantity, can cause disorders such as l 298 00:19:52,020 --> 00:19:53,860 emphysema and lung cancer. 299 00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:59,690 Emphysema results in destruction of lung tissues and alveoli, 300 00:19:59,690 --> 00:20:04,250 via the toxins produced by smoking cigarette and due to the intervention of 301 00:20:04,250 --> 00:20:06,270 immune system that comes let's say... 302 00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:11,280 activated by the toxins produced. The thus stimulated immune system 303 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:15,400 substances so aggressive that increase damage. The greatest damage is 304 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:20,020 'emphysema is capable of breaking the protein nuclei and therefore proteins 305 00:20:20,020 --> 00:20:24,720 damaged in this way begin to eat lung tissue creating gods 306 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:25,980 holes inside the lungs. 307 00:20:26,580 --> 00:20:32,400 Healthy lung, smoker's lung. I Bronchioles are usually branch-like 308 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:34,740 collapsed and the alveoli are not there more. 309 00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:40,430 There are therapies that open the airways, they partially reduce inflammation, but 310 00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:44,470 they do not change the clinical picture. One once they were destroyed, the 311 00:20:44,470 --> 00:20:45,530 they don't reform. 312 00:20:45,830 --> 00:20:48,070 You may have lung cancer and don't know? 313 00:20:48,350 --> 00:20:52,290 Patients with lung cancer do not suffer from shortness of breath, because the 314 00:20:52,290 --> 00:20:56,650 cancer itself, apart from the fact of take up space, it does nothing else in the 315 00:20:56,650 --> 00:21:00,230 for this reason that people with the lung cancer they realize it 316 00:21:00,230 --> 00:21:02,450 late and things become much more difficult. 317 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:07,020 In the future, dogs will do the work diagnosis. Their sense of smell smells 318 00:21:07,020 --> 00:21:07,939 of drugs. 319 00:21:07,940 --> 00:21:11,880 Maybe he can hear that of the too cancer before the symptoms explode. E 320 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:13,500 mice that smell tuberculosis? 321 00:21:13,740 --> 00:21:17,680 Giant rats are already being used for clear land mines in the Sahara. 322 00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:20,860 They are trained to hear the the smell of diseases. 323 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:26,460 According to some tests, rodents smell more than 300 samples with TB in one hour. 324 00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:29,540 We with the microscope only 20 in one day. 325 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:35,560 We can't compete. The Bank World has already invested over 165,000 326 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:37,620 dollars for anti rat studies -TB. 327 00:21:39,820 --> 00:21:42,600 If only rats helped stop smoking. 328 00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:48,820 If there weren't smokers mine work would be different. I could 329 00:21:48,820 --> 00:21:51,620 my energies on more treatable ailments of theirs. 330 00:21:51,920 --> 00:21:56,480 Smoking-related disorders are easy to catch and difficult to cure. Not 331 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,040 it's never too late to stop. 332 00:21:58,510 --> 00:22:01,990 If you do it before the damage is already done high, maybe you can avoid a 333 00:22:01,990 --> 00:22:03,010 ephesema or cancer. 334 00:22:04,990 --> 00:22:05,990 I breathe well. 335 00:22:06,050 --> 00:22:07,390 It's much better. 336 00:22:08,230 --> 00:22:09,850 I can also sleep better. 337 00:22:10,150 --> 00:22:11,790 I owe everything to these therapies. 338 00:22:12,470 --> 00:22:14,010 I'm alive because of them. 339 00:22:14,490 --> 00:22:19,950 You learn to live with it. You can live, you can do gymnastics, gym, have 340 00:22:19,950 --> 00:22:20,950 normal life. 341 00:22:21,110 --> 00:22:24,890 Do you want to breathe longer? Have it care of your lungs. 342 00:22:25,370 --> 00:22:28,250 Take a break, we need some air fresh, every now and then. 343 00:22:29,490 --> 00:22:34,210 They had measured my ability pulmonary, expiration times, i 344 00:22:34,210 --> 00:22:38,890 of sleep, and all this breathing, sleeping, monitoring, had tired me 345 00:22:38,890 --> 00:22:39,890 die. 346 00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:43,850 Yet, according to my uncle, it was still there a test I had to face. 347 00:22:45,910 --> 00:22:49,450 Very generous of you offer yourself as volunteers. See you tomorrow morning. 348 00:22:50,090 --> 00:22:51,230 Night, doctor. 349 00:22:54,540 --> 00:22:58,680 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are not the only gases developed by my uncle.